@inproceedings{gazi.23,
	author = {Gazi, {A.H.} and Sanchez-Perez, J.A. and Natarajan, S. and Chan, M. and Nikbakht, M. and Lin, D.J. and Bremner, J.D.  and Hahn, J. and Inan, O.T. and Rozell, C.J.},
	title = {Leveraging Physiological Markers to Quantify the Transient Effects of Traumatic Stress and Non-Invasive Neuromodulation},
	booktitle = {45th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)},
	address = {Sydney, Australia},
	month = jul,
	year = {2023},
	abstract = {Millions around the world suffer from traumatic stress (stress caused by traumatic memories). Transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation (tcVNS) has been shown to counteract physiological changes associated with traumatic stress. However, little is known regarding the approximate timecourse of tcVNS effects. This knowledge of how quickly tcVNS takes effect is needed to optimize closed-loop tcVNS systems that can mitigate traumatic stress in a timely manner. To address this gap, we studied N=26 participants with history of prior trauma. Participants wore electrocardiogram, photoplethysmogram, seismocardiogram, and respiratory effort sensors throughout a double-blind protocol involving traumatic stress and active tcVNS (n=12) or sham stimulation (n=14). From the physiological signals, we extracted cardiovascular and respiratory markers and studied their dynamics during the traumatic stress and stimulation conditions. We decoupled the short-term transient responses from longer-term cumulative changes by centering each condition's response with respect to data immediately prior to the condition. We thereby elucidate a diverse set of transient physiological responses to tcVNS and traumatic stress. These responses demonstrate that tcVNS-induced changes occur within seconds and have the potential to reduce acute physiological manifestations of traumatic stress. 
Clinical Relevance—Traumatic stress can overpower an individual within seconds and often occurs outside the clinic. This analysis focuses on transient physiological responses to traumatic memories and tcVNS captured using multimodal physiological sensing. We demonstrate that tcVNS-induced changes occur within seconds and have the potential to mitigate some of the short-term effects of traumatic stress.},
  note = {\textbf{Selected for oral presentation.}}
}