@inproceedings{gazi.22,
	author = {Gazi, A. H. and Harrison, A. B. and Lambert, T. P. and Obideen, M. and Welsh, J. W. and Vaccarino, V. and Shah, A. J. and Back, S. E. and Rozell, C. J. and Bremner, D. J. and Inan, O. T.},
	title = {Transcutaneous Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation Reduces Respiratory Variability in the Context of Opioid Withdrawal},
	booktitle = {IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI)},
	address = {Ioannina, Greece},
	month = sep,
	year = {2022},
	abstract = {The United States opioid epidemic is a public health crisis, and the physiological effects of opioid withdrawal can be a major impediment to recovery from opioid use disorder (OUD). Prior work has demonstrated that transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation (tcVNS) can counteract some of opioid withdrawal's physiological effects by reducing heart rate and perceived symptoms. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of tcVNS on respiratory manifestations of opioid withdrawal -- specifically, respiratory timings and their variability. Patients with OUD (N = 21) underwent acute opioid withdrawal over the course of a two-hour-long protocol. The protocol involved opioid cues to induce opioid craving and neutral conditions for control purposes. Patients were randomly assigned to receive double-blind active tcVNS (n = 10) or sham stimulation (n = 11) throughout the protocol. Respiratory effort and electrocardiogram-derived respiration signals were used to estimate inspiration time ($\mathrm{T_i}$), expiration time ($\mathrm{T_e}$), and respiration rate (RR), along with each measure's variability quantified via interquartile range (IQR). Comparing the active and sham groups, active tcVNS significantly reduced IQR($\mathrm{T_i}$) -- a variability measure -- compared to sham stimulation (p = .02). Notably, IQR($\mathrm{T_i}$) was found to be positively associated with post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in prior work. Therefore, a reduction suggests that tcVNS downregulates the respiratory stress response associated with opioid withdrawal. Although further investigations will be necessary to address study limitations (e.g., small sample size), these results promisingly suggest that tcVNS -- a non-pharmacologic, non-invasive, readily implemented neuromodulation approach -- can serve as a novel therapy to mitigate opioid withdrawal symptoms.}
}